. . . . .Yesterday afternoon the sky gradually got cloudier and cloudier, with thunderheads here and there.  The forecast was for a 60% chance of thunderstorms during the night.  We were parked on a grassy site at Cottonwood Lake that was down a slight slope from the gravel road.  Since we feared we might not be able to haul the trailer out in the morning if it rained heavily in the night, we hooked up and moved to a different site, this time a level dirt/gravel one.
. . . . .When it was becoming dark, we drove down to the entrance area near the highway, where the habitat looked sort of right for Yellow Rails.  Since they say those birds nest at Lacreek NWR, I thought there was a possibility there might be some there.  I clicked my two quarters together in the correct cadence, tik-tik tik-tik-tik, alternately, for quite a while, but no response came.  We did hear lots of winnowing Wilson's Snipe and honking Canada Geese.
. . . . .We were glad we'd moved the trailer, because we were awakened by a noisy thunder storm around midnight.  I got up and listened to WeatheRadio and discovered the only severe thunderstorm warning in effect was for the Hyannis area 60 miles south of us.  I think we must have been on the northern edge of it.  Anyway, I set the radio for alarm mode and went back to bed.  Fortunately the alarm never went off.
. . . . .We awakened to glowering skies and a cold wind.  Soon afterwards it started to rain--just rain, not thunder and lightning this time.  This lasted for a couple of hours.  Since we only had a 60-mile drive to make today, I fixed us a leisurely "real breakfast" as Jim terms it:  scrambled eggs with ham, biscuits and strawberry jam.  I had to thaw the ham over the pilot for a while, since we didn't have electricity for the microwave.
. . . . .After it stopped, I went out and photographed a couple of flowers on the dunes at the edge of the campground.  We downloaded my flowers from yesterday and today into Jim's computer and I made a cursory attempt to identify some of them.  None came right away.  I may need another book.  Anyway, I didn't want to run out of battery power and have to hook up to the inverter, so I gave up.
. . . . .We hooked up and left around 9:30, lost an hour to a time change back to central time, and arrived here in Valentine around noon.  There was no one in the motel/RV park office when we got here, so we just picked a site, dropped off the trailer and the dog, and went out to lunch and did some shopping.
. . . . .It turns out we're right across the street from a nice IGA grocery store with the best meat I've seen in ages--lots better than most chain grocery stores.  (IGA = Independent Grocers of America.  They buy staples through the association, but otherwise run their own affairs.) 
. . . . .The RV park is quite nice.  We're backed up to a thick row of shrubs, and there is also a large lawn nearby with nice big trees.  We've seen a Least Flycatcher and an American Redstart out the trailer window and heard lots of other birds in the trees and bushes without really trying.  The campground is right in town (population 2820), but behind the motel from the highway, and promises to be a good place to wait out the Memorial Day holiday weekend.  We plan to make day trips to a number of interesting-sounding places not far from here.

8:50 pm, Thurs., May 26, 2005
Valentine Motel & RV Park, Valentine, NE

. . . . .The day started out clear, cold (low 40s) and breezy.  Gradually puffy clouds developed, making an absolutely glorious day to photograph the scenery in this area.  Late in the afternoon the clouds coalesced and we had a pretty good 15-minute rain shower.  Then it was back to being partly cloudy.  High temperature was in the 60s.
. . . . .Valentine and surrounding Cherry County are in an interesting area ecologically.  The Niobrara River runs through the area.  Seventy six miles of it starting just east of Valentine were declared a National Wild and Scenic River in 1991.  On the south bank is a steep, densely wooded cliff, while on the north bank the slope is more gradual and the trees are more scattered.  Six ecosystems come together in the county, especially near the river.  According to the National Park Service brochure:

. . . . ."At least 83 eastern species [of plants and animals] reach their western range limits and 47 western species approach their eastern limits in the Niobrara River Valley.
. . . . ."Trees of the eastern deciduous forest grow on the moist bottomlands and islands.  They include bur oak, American elm, black walnuts, green ash, hackberry, and cottonwood.
. . . . ."Boreal forest species are found growing on north-facing slopes where shade and abundant groundwater in the forms of seeps and streams create cooler microclimates.  Species such as paper birch, basswood, a hybrid . . . aspen, ferns, and club mosses grow here.
. . . . ."Rocky Mountain plants include ponderosa pine, serviceberry, and horizontal juniper.  Most of these plants grow on the drier hillsides and canyon slopes on both sides of the river.
. . . . ."Three types of prairie are found in the river valley, displaying the botanical transition between the eastern tallgrass prairie, the mixed grass prairie of the sandhills, and the shortgrass prairie to the west."

. . . . .I read in a newspaper a few days ago an article about the area and it said that the government came very close to building a dam on the river and destroying all these wonderful habitats. Finally concerned local citizens prevailed and the place was declared a National Wild and Scenic River, ending the dam idea.
. . . . .This morning we sampled all the ecosystems when we visited Smith Falls State Park.  This park is northeast of Valentine about 15 miles via SR 12.  It is the newest state park and features the tallest waterfall in the state.  It is the result of a small creek tumbling 70 feet down the cliff on the south side of the river.  Although small, it is very beautiful.  Almost perfectly symmetrical, it seems to defy logic, for it looks like it flows over a high cap of rock with more friable rock on either side.  Anyway the result looks like the back of a woman's head with long silvery hair trailing down evenly on the back and sides.
. . . . .The access to the park is via a spur gravel road south from SR 12.  When we came to where it descended to the river through an open ponderosa pine forest, I had Jim let me out so I could walk.  Of course, just then the breeze got stronger, so recordings were minimal, but it was fun to see the habitat change.  I saw a Blue Grosbeak, always a difficult bird to find because of its dependence on shrubs with meadow nearby.  Also present were Grasshopper Sparrows and Eastern Bluebirds.
. . . . .After we paid our park fee and drove down to the edge of the river, we walked to the waterfall across a historic bridge that had been restored as a footbridge and moved here.  There was a wheel-chair-accessible ramp right to the base of the waterfall.  Since it looked like such a good trail, I took Charlie along.  This was probably the longest walk he has had on the entire trip.  He doesn't like gravel because his feet are sort of tender.  He did well on his walk.
. . . . .Around the waterfall where the deciduous forest was quite lush, Ovenbirds were singing everywhere--the first for the trip.  Of course, I didn't see one;  I rarely do.  They're the western version, that only says "teach-teach-teach . . . " instead of "er-teach-er-teach-er-teach-er. . ." as they do farther east.
. . . . .Most of the lands near the river are in private hands, but Fort Niobrara NWR and the Nature Conservancy's Niobrara Valley Preserve occupy sizeable areas.  The private lands are mainly used for cattle ranching and appear to be well managed.
. . . . .Rafting and canoeing are popular on the river and there are some rapids, including one that has to be portaged.  The portion that ran past the park looked pretty tame.  While we were there a group of rafters got out of their boat to look at the falls, then continued on their way.
. . . . .Altogether a delightful morning. I'll finish up with some miscellaneous observations.
. . . . .This morning in the campground I heard a strange dove-like call. Through the trailer window with the heater fan running, it sounded like the last notes of a Mourning Dove without the initial "oo-ah," so I thought maybe I just wasn't hearing it all.  The only other dove that could occur here would be Eurasian Collared, which I remembered is spreading fast.  I looked up the description of the call, and it certainly seemed possible.  It wasn't until we got back this noon that I saw one.  They seem to be common in the tall trees of this RV park.  According to one of the field guides, they're mainly found in towns, which is probably why I haven't encountered one since we left New Mexico, where I also saw one in a town.
. . . . .There's an old man in an RV across from us who is always all dressed up in full ranch-style garb, including cowboy boots.  The poor old fellow hobbles around as though those boots are killing his feet, but I guess he can't abandon his heritage.  It reminds me of women who ruin their feet wearing spike heels.
. . . . .Jim went into a large western store to see if he could find a belt or a hat he liked to replace the hat he lost and the belt he wore out.  He couldn't.  The hats were strictly cowboy, and they laughed when he described what he wanted.  The belts were just as poor quality as WalMart's and much more expensive. 
. . . . .While I waited in the truck outside the store in downtown Valentine, I was amused to note that in the half-block between the store and the corner there were two religious gift shops and three saloons, one of which featured "entertainment."  Elsewhere in town are lots more bars, saloons, cocktail lounges, etc.  I didn't know what category "St. Christopher's, Cocktails and Fine Dining" belonged in.  Unfortunately I think the reason there are so many is that there is an Indian reservation right across the border in South Dakota, and those are often dry.
. . . . .Tonight I cooked the steak I bought yesterday at Henderson's IGA.  It was just as good as it looked.  Most steaks (and chops) sold in chain markets in the midwest and the south are no more than half an inch thick.  How do you grill a half-inch steak rare and still brown the outside?  I think I'd better buy a couple more steaks before we leave here and freeze them.

. . . . .After a cold, clear night in the 30s, the temperatures warmed up to 67_ this afternoon.  In the late morning lots of pretty puffy clouds developed, and it looked like there was rain way off, but we didn't get any.  By late afternoon it had all cleared off.  The major flaw in the day was the 20-30 mph wind that blew from dawn until late afternoon.  It's pretty calm now, although the sun has not yet set.
. . . . .We went to Niobrara NWR this morning shortly after the visitors center opened at 8:00.  I had planned for us to spend the morning there, but when I asked the desk attendant about Sharp-tailed Grouse, which are there, she said Valentine NWR is a better place to find them.  She telephoned the place and put me on the phone to the refuge manager, who will be off duty tomorrow.  He indicated that they were still displaying and that the blind was still up.  So we decided to head down there and check things out.  We were given a map of the refuge with the location of the blind on it and sheet with some suggestions on how to proceed when we got there.
. . . . .(If any readers are interested in searching for either Greater Prairie-Chickens or Sharp-tailed Grouse at Valentine, information may be obtained via email at fortniobrara@fws.org or calling Valentine NWR at 402-376-1899 and speaking with the manager, the only one who knows about the birds.  Fort Niobrara and Valentine are connected, hence the above email address.)
. . . . .The blind is accessed from the main north-south road, US 83, that runs through the refuge.  Unfortunately it is a 0.4 mile walk from the highway to the blind across the prairie.  The only sign of a trail is the barest hint of crushed grass where some vehicle drove out there to set up the blind a couple of months ago.  We could see the blind off in the distance from the highway, but it'll be a good trick to find before dawn in the morning.  There are reflectors on all four sides.  Jim walked out to the blind and reported the footing isn't too bad.  I stayed behind in the truck.  But I was sorry I hadn't gone, too, when he reported flushing up several birds at 10:00 - 10:30 am. 
. . . . .The instructions say to get there a half-hour before sunrise, which is a little after 6:00, but Jim wants to arrive before daylight, so we're going to get up at 3:30 in the morning.  The place is 25-30 miles south of the town of Valentine, plus that 0.4 mile walk, which took him 15 minutes in broad daylight this morning.  I plan to go, too, but I don't intend to walk across the prairie until it gets light.  I'll keep a discreet distance so as not to disturb the birds.  My main problem is how or whether to carry both my scope and my tape recorder.  I'll probably just carry the tape recorder and be contented with distant views of the birds, even though they'll be lifers.
. . . . .After scouting the Sharp-tailed Grouse lek, we spent the rest of the morning driving one of the "trails" in Valentine NWR, which we were told is actually a road.  [As we continued to travel in the northern midwest, it became apparent that "trail" is their word for any very poor two-track road with grass growing up the middle.]  Anyone wanting to visit this refuge really must go to the Niobrara NWR headquarters and get the latest information about road conditions, maps, bird lists, etc.  The two refuges are administered together, and only Niobrara has a visitors center with staff in it during regular hours.  We were told that at Valentine sometimes all the staff are out in the field and the headquarters is closed.  There are two information kiosks for Valentine on US 83, however. 
. . . . .Anyway we set out on the main "trail."  It was a narrow gravel road and so washboardy that we couldn't drive more than 5 mph for long stretches.  There was no way to avoid the bumps because the road was too narrow, and it seemed that others had already attempted to get a little bit over and made it bumpy, too.  It turned out to be ten miles long, but got better toward the end.  We drove it westward with our back to the sun and it came out on Spur 16B, a nice paved road back to US 83.
. . . . .The wind kept some of the birds down, but it may have contributed to some interesting experiences we did have.  We had hardly gotten started down the road when we caught sight of a sandpiper in the road right in front of the truck.  It allowed rather close approach, but didn't fly off.  It just kept running along ahead of us.  We're pretty sure it was an Upland Sandpiper, but something was wrong with its head feathers, so its head pattern looked strange.  It also had a funny white patch on one wing.  Finally, it didn't seem to have as long a neck as it should have.  Jim got pictures, so I'll be able to decide for sure what it was.  It's possible it was a juvenile, but more likely it was an adult with a skin or feather infection of some sort.
. . . . .\Later on we saw an Upland Sandpiper that looked normal.  It, too, ran down the road in front of us a ways, but after a short distance, it took flight, showing its rufous tail sides.
. . . . .A short distance after the first sandpiper, a Common Nighthawk flushed up from practically under my tires, and I hadn't even seen it.  It flew over to a nearby fencepost and allowed Jim to get out of the truck and aim his camera at it.  I think the pictures will be good.  I'm sure the strong wind is what kept it from flying farther away.  Before the drive was over we flushed up at least three more nighthawks, and only one of them did I see in advance.  They were all right on the gravel, not in the grass beside it, and looked exactly like one more large rock.
. . . . .Other land birds were scarce, and the usual sandhills species:  Lark Sparrow, Eastern Kingbird, Barn Swallow, etc.  The latter always surprised us, for we wondered where it nested.  Jim said there was one nesting in the grouse blind, and he wondered what would happen to the nest when they remove the blind, as they will soon.
. . . . .We passed lots of wet areas, both large and small, including several sizeable lakes.  Almost no water birds were visible.  They were no doubt hiding from the wind in the marsh vegetation.  All in all, the drive was a disappointment because of that wind.
At the Niobrara NWR visitors center I bought another plant book, "Grassland Plants of South Dakota and the Northern Great Plains" by Johnson and Larson, published by South Dakota State University in 1999.  While I was waiting for Jim to walk to the grouse blind, I was able to identify the two flowers I photographed at Cottonwood Lake:
. . . . .Hoary Vetchling, Lathyrus polymorphus
. . . . .Narrowleaf Beardtongut, Penstemon angustifolius
I couldn't remember well enough what the ones on Bowring Ranch Road looked like.  I'll have check them on Jim's computer sometime.  [Still haven't done it.]

. . . . .This morning we got up at 3:30, got dressed and set out for the grouse lek.  We decided to forego any food in the interest of getting a bit more sleep.  We got to the parking area around 4:45.  Sunrise was to be a little after 6:00.
. . . . .As arranged, I stayed in the truck while Jim set off across the dark prairie in search of that tiny blind, which in the daytime is visible from the car and from every location enroute to it, but which was invisible at that early hour.  There was good moonlight--a little over half full.  Jim also wore a little head lamp.  After a long time, at least 15 minutes, I caught sight of his headlamp, and it was far to the right of where he was supposed to be.  So I contacted him by FRS radio and told him to head in a different direction.  I knew where the blind was because there is a stick  that points to it nailed to the top of a gatepost at the parking spot.  He was at off by at least 40_.  That was fine at the beginning, for it was not possible to walk directly to it because of some marshy areas, but he was far past the marsh.  He had said he wanted to approach it from the rear so as not to disturb any early birds, but this was ridiculous.  Anyway, we kept in touch by radio and I was able to tell him as he got more or less in line with it.  By this time it was getting fairly light and he could see it.  He had wanted to get there before daylight, but that was not to be.  The birds were already there;  he could hear them.  Still he was able to enter the blind without flushing them.
. . . . .The ranger had told us that the birds came very close to the blind, and that turned out to be true.  In fact, there seemed to be one on the roof a good portion of the time!
. . . . .I waited until just before sunrise and set out, carrying my tape recorder, but not my scope.  It was just too much.  I wandered toward the now-clearly-visible blind, recording meadowlarks (Western and a few Eastern) and Grasshopper Sparrows, along with the inevitable Mourning Doves.
. . . . .Then when it seemed to me I was still a long ways from the blind, suddenly a dozen or so grouse took flight and flew far away. Apparently I had flushed them.  I was absolutely sick.  And Jim hadn't gotten even one picture, because the sun was not yet on the lek.
We decided the only thing I could do at that point was join him in the blind and hope they would come back.  As I approached it, one final bird took flight, and I got a good look at its shape and size, which clinched the ID and gave me my life bird.  It certainly wasn't what I wanted, though, for it was only a silhouette.
. . . . .When I got into the blind, Jim told me he had been recording the birds with his tiny tape recorder, but the recording was marred by a jackhammer off in the distance.  It seemed strange to have someone out in the middle of a bunch of sand dunes running a jackhammer at 5:00 on a Saturday morning.  I hadn't heard it, and Jim couldn't seem to figure out what direction it came from, cooped up in the blind as he was.  I thought it strange that I hadn't heard it.
 . . . . .By the time I got there, Jim was thoroughly chilled.  He had thought that since there was no wind and the temperature was "only" 43, he didn't need to wear his longjohns.  Was he wrong!  As we sat in that cold blind waiting and hoping, he was visibly shivering, especially his legs.  If his knees had been near one another they'd have been knocking.
. . . . .We sat there for about an hour becoming more and more dejected.  He was certainly not looking forward to coming back again tomorrow to make up for my blunder.
. . . . .Then a single male came in.  He was very wary and looked around a lot.  He wasn't very close to the blind either.  But he stayed, so we hoped maybe the rest of the group might come.  We watched that male for a long time.  Finally I asked Jim if maybe he should take a token picture just for the record.  We were afraid the shutter might scare it, but finally he took a chance.  It didn't phase the bird, but it wasn't a great shot--just one so he could count it on his life list.  (He only counts birds he photographs.)  I had my life bird legitimately, for I could see him well.  If nothing more happened, we'd had a bit of success.
. . . . .Finally, after the single male had been there around half an hour, in flew all the rest of the birds!  They landed out of our view just over the edge of the little flat knoll in front of the blind.  The farthest portion we could see was probably 40 feet away.  Were they going to come up onto the lek?  This time the answer came in only five minutes:  they were!  We were elated, especially I, who had spoiled things an hour and a half earlier.
. . . . .In no time the birds picked up where they had left off, and this time the light was excellent.  The blind had been situated perfectly for close-up viewing and photography, with the sun at our backs and nice and close to the action.  And what action!  The main event took place about 20-30 feet in front of us.  About 7 or 8 of the birds were all around a single female, who was half hidden in the grass.  Each male was perhaps 6 or 8 feet from her in an approximate circle.  Then they'd all crouch down, extend their wings, lower their heads, and elevate their tails revealing their fluffy white undertail coverts.  With very tiny, rapid steps they'd run a few feet, more or less maintaining their distance from the hen.  This happened over and over, and we couldn't figure out how they all started exactly simultaneously.  What was the cue?  Each male seemed to have his own bit of territory around the hen, so sometimes they ran in one direction and sometimes another.  While doing this, they revealed their beautiful pinkish purple esophageal sacs and their bright yellow-orange combs.  These birds don't have the long rabbit-ear feathers that the prairie-chickens flail around so dramatically.
. . . . .There were also a number of twosomes of males facing one another intently on the periphery of the lek 30-40 feet from the main action, apparently jockeying for position, which seemed to be a draw in each case.  Apparently they weren't qualified for the center ring yet.  Jim said that occasionally one of the main birds would come over and put one of those sideline birds in its place with some posturing.
. . . . .Occasionally between periods of coordinated dancing, there would be a jump up, but not nearly so often as with the prairie-chickens.
The sounds were incredible:  such a wide variety of moans, gobbles, whistles, etc.  When they did their running in concert, I realized what Jim was hearing that sounded like a jackhammer.  It seemed to be a feather sound, either from the tail or from the rear of the wings.  Later, I looked it up in Birds of North America and learned it was a feather sound, "produced by lateral movement of upturned rectrices [tail feathers], causing them to scrape or click against one another as part of Dance."  It said there it was on two frequencies, 0.2 kHz and 3.0 to 3.5 kHz.  I think the low frequency drowned out the high one.  The rate averages 18.7 "clicks" (a funny term for a sound that resembles a jackhammer!) per second.  In addition to the feather sound, BNA describes six different male vocalizations on the lek: cackle, "chilk," "coo," "cork" (like a cork being pulled from a bottle), gobble, and whine.  I'll have to listen to my tape and try to hear all of them.  I'm sure I heard at least four. 
. . . . .Most of the time the other birds were on the ground, there was a bird atop the blind, walking noisily around and calling--I forget which call, but my tape will answer that.  I don't know why it was up there. 
. . . . .Jim took two or three rolls of film, including some volleys of the action.  We have high hopes for the pictures.  Finally the birds all raised their heads and looked around as though they sensed danger, this time not from us, and took flight.  But not until they had given us a wonderful half-hour of dancing.  We were ecstatic.
. . . . .After that we realized we were both cold--Jim more so than I, for I had my thermal underwear on.  Even the brisk 0.4-mile hike back across the prairie, lifting our feet and our gear high for the vegetation, failed to warm us up.  Even the heater on high in the truck failed to warm me up.  After a decadent breakfast in a local cafe with more coffee than I usually drink, my feet were still cold, even though I had changed out of my wet shoes and socks.  Only after we'd been in the trailer for a while did I really warm up.  Then I took a two-hour nap!
. . . . .Late this afternoon Jim asked, "Did you hear the jackhammer?  I wonder where it was."  Only then did I discover that Jim had really thought he was hearing one all the time he was there.  In fact, I had a hard time convincing him it was the birds.  Only when I showed him the information from Birds of North America, and translated the technical terminology, was he convinced.  He did agree that a lek out in the sand dunes was a strange place for a jackhammer.
. . . . .I've been corresponding by PocketMail (e-mail that works on an ordinary telephone) with Terry Hill.  She was active in Sea and Sage and, even more so, in Amigos de Bolsa Chica, before she and her husband retired and started spending long months on the road in their motor home.  She's the birder and has sort of been tagging along behind us on a trip to the prairies similar to ours.  They couldn't get started as soon as we did.  Today she said, "You're making me crazy."  She went on in this vein:  Here I have all these plans, arrange for mail delivery someplace else, etc., and you lure me with these wonderful bird reports. 
. . . . .They're in Ogallala SRA now, but after hearing of our Sharp-tailed Grouse success and how wonderful Cottonwood Lake SRA is, have decided to forfeit the fee they paid for their last night at Ogallala and join us here tomorrow.  They had planned to go to Custer in the Black Hills from there, but she can't resist what I've told her we've found.  It'll be fun to get together with them for a couple of nights.  I know they'll like this RV park.  I hope they have as good weather as we did today.
. . . . .I had thought we might take a drive to Fort Niobrara NWR this afternoon, but it was such a nice warm (mid-70s) day with only a breeze (by my definition, not Nebraska's), that I couldn't tear myself away from my comfortable outdoor chair.  So I just sat around doing my embroidery and watching the birds in the treetops.  I tilted the chair back and focused my binoculars on a Tennessee Warbler for a long time.  It was fun to watch its deliberate foliage gleaning up in the treetop.  Also present from time to time and even more deliberate were two vireos, a Warbling and a Red-eyed. 
. . . . .I marinated and grilled those pork chops from Henderson's IGA for dinner.  They were just as good as the steak the other night.
. . . . .A truly memorable day.  Two personal goals of this trip were (1) to see a Sharp-tailed Grouse, the only potential lifer in this area, and (2) to try to decide what bird to put on my Birds of North America quilt for Nebraska.  The Nebraska bird was finally chosen today.  I hope Jim gets a good photo of one in that display position.  In designing the quilt, I've selected one bird from each state and Canadian province with which I've had a memorable experience.  The birds for all the other states and provinces have been decided, and most blocks are totally finished.  The remaining ones are all stamped to embroider and I have them with me to work on.  (I haven't done as much embroidery as I hoped to.  Between the lack of TV and writing this diary, there hasn't been as much time as I thought.  I've done lots of reading in lieu of TV.)

. . . . .We sort of took it easy today.  We slept in until 6:00, fooled around in the trailer and had pancakes for breakfast, then went out to Fort Niobrara NWR and drove their 3.5-mile tour route.  The day was partly cloudy and quite cold, with a low last night in the low 40s and high in the mid-60's.  The breeze was moderate, maybe 10-15 mph at most.
. . . . .Fort Niobrara was established in the late 1800s to keep the Indians from attacking the settlers who were occupying their former lands.  They had been sent north to present-day South Dakota, where they still have a reservation.  When the Indians became resigned to their lot, the fort was decommissioned in the early 1900s.  Some of the land was homesteaded, but about half of it became a refuge, one of the first established to try to save the bison, whose numbers had declined to only 300 animals.  It still is a home for them.  A few are in the huge enclosure through which the tour road meanders.  The rest are elsewhere in the refuge, also fenced in.  There are also a few elk.
. . . . .We drove the tour road slowly, so slowly that we were forever having to pull over a little bit off the road to let other cars pass us.  This being a holiday weekend, we encountered more traffic than had been at other refuges.  Of course, the promise of megamammals probably draws more tourists than simply birds.
. . . . .In addition to the bison, there is a prairie dog town--not as big as the one at Lacreek NWR, but still fun to watch.  This time we succeeded in seeing a couple of Burrowing Owls, which are always in these communities nesting in abandoned prairie dog burrows.
. . . . .We also saw quite a few Upland Sandpipers, and Jim got some more pictures of them, this time in the grass instead of on a gravel road.  After driving the tour road, I walked the road to the Bur Oak Picnic Area in the refuge.  It's only about 1/3 mile long and runs along the Niobrara River.  The habitat is partly prairie, partly trees and shrubs, so the bird life is quite varied.  By the time we got there at 11:30, the breeze was almost a wind, so I couldn't do much recording.  I think I may go back there first thing tomorrow.  It's supposed to be a place for hybrid Eastern x Western Wood-Pewees.  I heard one that sounded like a standard Eastern, plus a lot of other birds, but nothing unexpected. 
. . . . .We had just finished lunch when Terry and John Hill arrived.  We spent a good part of the rest of the afternoon chatting with them.  They've gone down to the Sharp-tailed Grouse lek now to check it out.  If they're lucky, the birds will be doing a pre-sunset dance, so they won't have to get up early in the morning to go down there again.  (That's why we suggested they wait until late in the day to go.  We remembered how the Lesser Prairie-Chickens had done a similar late-day performance--not as vigorous as the morning one, but still impressive.)

. . . . .Terry and John did succeed in seeing a Sharp-tailed Grouse from the blind, but only one.  No dancing.  She's contented with that--it was a life bird--and decided against going out there again this morning.  That tramp across the prairie is sort of daunting, especially in the dark and when combined with a freezing wait on a metal folding chair in a drafty blind.
. . . . .This has been an excellent place to spend a holiday weekend.  It's a very nice park with lots of trees and birds, and it's never been full.  Each night a few people have arrived in the evening and taken off the next morning on their trips.  Others have been here for several days.  Best of all, no one has been noisy.
. . . . .The unprecedented happened today:  there was no wind, not even a breeze by my definition of one.  For long periods of time the leaves on the trees didn't even move.  It was mostly cloudy, and I don't think the temperature got above 57_, but the sky was pretty bright all morning.  However, we kept eying the dark clouds lurking in the west.
. . . . .It was an ideal day for recording, and I made the best of it.  We went back to the Bur Oak Picnic Area at Fort Niobrara NWR.  I had Jim let me out at the start of the road, and I merely wandered back and forth within 50 ft of that spot for at least 40 minutes recording a wide variety of birds.  Then I gradually worked my way to the other end of the road.
. . . . .The first interesting sound puzzled me a bit.  It had the quality of the Tennessee Warblers that gave me so much trouble at Big Lake SP in Missouri.  This one was definitely doing a three-parted song, while those others' songs had been two-parted.  Playback and a binoculars view confirmed that I had a Tennessee, though, and I was happy to get a quite different song.
. . . . .As always in the east and midwest, there were lots of Red-eyed Vireos.  But then I heard a song that was slower and huskier than the Red-eyes.  One of its phrases sounded almost like the burry "breer" of the Great Crested Flycatchers, which were also present, so it was hard to sort it out.  I knew it was a vireo song from the pattern, but which one?  Fortunately, playback elicited what Jim and I call the "fly-bys," and I was able to get a decent look at the bird singing in the treetops.  It was a Yellow-throated Vireo.  Eventually I got it almost singing a solo;  other species were rather distant.
. . . . .I recorded the "pee-ur" of the Western Wood-Pewee and the "pee-a-wee" and "pee-wee" of the Eastern Wood-Pewee.  None of the motifs had features that would make me think I was hearing a hybrid, though.  I may change my mind when I listen to the tapes at home, though.
. . . . .I heard a "Rufous-sided" Towhee doing two notes, then a trill, the classic "Drink your tea" for which it is famous.  The question was, of course, whether it was an Eastern or a Spotted Towhee.  Playback answered the question:  it was a Spotted.  This species exhibits dramatic geographical variation in its song.  It certainly sounded nothing like a Spotted Towhee at home.  Its call was pretty standard, though.
. . . . .Some Eastern Bluebirds were chasing each other around.  I think it was two males fighting over the rights to either a female or a nest hole.  They were making a terrific racket--typical calls and all sorts of angry ones--and I stood right under them recording it all.
. . . . .In the background and when I was deliberately recording a mix, I got several other species:  Yellow-breasted Chat, Least Flycatcher, Yellow-billed Cuckoo, Field Sparrow, White-breasted Nuthatch, Wild Turkey, American Redstart, along with other more common species like American Robin, American Goldfinch, Mourning Dove, etc. 
. . . . .I saw a Hairy Woodpecker, but missed its stirring rattle as it came in for a landing.
 . . . . Once a White-tailed Deer ran across the road near me, caught sight of me and did the loud hiss they do when startled.  It ran a bit farther, and I was ready when it repeated the same sound.  That's a sound that really scared me when I heard it for the first time when I was out on a trail by myselt at night in a state park in Texas several years ago.  Then I didn't know what it was, but this time I was sort of expecting it and should have had my mic on for the first one when it was really close and seemed startled.
. . . . .It was hard to tear myself away from that wonderful place, but finally around 10:30 I figured I'd recorded most everything there and Jim had been patient long enough.  He understood that calm days are very few around here and was content to let me have my morning recording.
. . . . .We spent the rest of the morning doing some roadside birding.  We took SR 12 north, then east about six miles to a gravel road that went south to the east end of Fort Niobrara NWR.  Enroute it descended to the Niobrara River and crossed it on a one-lane bridge.  All along the several miles from SR 12 to the bridge, the habitat was ever-chainging in the same way that the road to Smith Falls, which I described a few days ago, was.  It is only about two or three miles west of that road and parallel to it.  There was a barbed wire fence next to the road for almost its entire length (not true of Smith Falls road, where the fence was only on the very first portion), and it was usually the right distance for photography. 
. . . . .I drove and Jim tried to photograph birds out the window.  He had success with only one species, but it was a nice one, a Dickcissel.  He doesn't have very many pictures of that.  He almost got a Grasshopper Sparrow, but his camera couldn't find the focus before it flew away.  I tried recording it to bring it back.  The recording was awful, for I did it at maximum recording volume out the truck window across Jim and Charlie, but it certainly stirred up the bird.  Unfortunately it only did the fly-bys and would never perch again on the bush it had before.  We braked for umpteen meadowlarks, but they always seemed to fly when we stopped.  Jim may have gotten one back view.  They invariably turn their backs to conceal their conspicuous yellow underparts.
. . . . .After we got across the river, the road ascended quickly to the open prairie.  Soon it entered the NWR where the fence was much higher to keep the elk penned in.  That meant that any bird atop it was silhouetted against the bright gray sky, not nice green shrubs and grasses.  So we proceeded a bit faster on that final segment.
. . . . .Just as we were almost back to the trailer, it started to rain and did so for a couple of hours.  The rest of the afternoon has been dark and gloomy, but not rainy.  It's supposed to rain again after midnight and much of the day tomorrow.  We have a 150-mile drive north to Pierre, SD, so I hope it doesn't rain too hard.  TV weather seems to indicate the rain is less heavy farther north.  We're glad it's just old-fashioned rain like we have at home, no pyrotechnics with descending icy golf-balls.

. . . . .Terry and John did succeed in seeing a Sharp-tailed Grouse from the blind, but only one.  No dancing.  She's contented with that--it was a life bird--and decided against going out there again this morning.  That tramp across the prairie is sort of daunting, especially in the dark and when combined with a freezing wait on a metal folding chair in a drafty blind.
. . . . .This has been an excellent place to spend a holiday weekend.  It's a very nice park with lots of trees and birds, and it's never been full.  Each night a few people have arrived in the evening and taken off the next morning on their trips.  Others have been here for several days.  Best of all, no one has been noisy.
. . . . .The unprecedented happened today:  there was no wind, not even a breeze by my definition of one.  For long periods of time the leaves on the trees didn't even move.  It was mostly cloudy, and I don't think the temperature got above 57_, but the sky was pretty bright all morning.  However, we kept eying the dark clouds lurking in the west.
. . . . .It was an ideal day for recording, and I made the best of it.  We went back to the Bur Oak Picnic Area at Fort Niobrara NWR.  I had Jim let me out at the start of the road, and I merely wandered back and forth within 50 ft of that spot for at least 40 minutes recording a wide variety of birds.  Then I gradually worked my way to the other end of the road.
. . . . .The first interesting sound puzzled me a bit.  It had the quality of the Tennessee Warblers that gave me so much trouble at Big Lake SP in Missouri.  This one was definitely doing a three-parted song, while those others' songs had been two-parted.  Playback and a binoculars view confirmed that I had a Tennessee, though, and I was happy to get a quite different song.
. . . . .As always in the east and midwest, there were lots of Red-eyed Vireos.  But then I heard a song that was slower and huskier than the Red-eyes.  One of its phrases sounded almost like the burry "breer" of the Great Crested Flycatchers, which were also present, so it was hard to sort it out.  I knew it was a vireo song from the pattern, but which one?  Fortunately, playback elicited what Jim and I call the "fly-bys," and I was able to get a decent look at the bird singing in the treetops.  It was a Yellow-throated Vireo.  Eventually I got it almost singing a solo;  other species were rather distant.
. . . . .I recorded the "pee-ur" of the Western Wood-Pewee and the "pee-a-wee" and "pee-wee" of the Eastern Wood-Pewee.  None of the motifs had features that would make me think I was hearing a hybrid, though.  I may change my mind when I listen to the tapes at home, though.
. . . . .I heard a "Rufous-sided" Towhee doing two notes, then a trill, the classic "Drink your tea" for which it is famous.  The question was, of course, whether it was an Eastern or a Spotted Towhee.  Playback answered the question:  it was a Spotted.  This species exhibits dramatic geographical variation in its song.  It certainly sounded nothing like a Spotted Towhee at home.  Its call was pretty standard, though.
. . . . .Some Eastern Bluebirds were chasing each other around.  I think it was two males fighting over the rights to either a female or a nest hole.  They were making a terrific racket--typical calls and all sorts of angry ones--and I stood right under them recording it all.
. . . . .In the background and when I was deliberately recording a mix, I got several other species:  Yellow-breasted Chat, Least Flycatcher, Yellow-billed Cuckoo, Field Sparrow, White-breasted Nuthatch, Wild Turkey, American Redstart, along with other more common species like American Robin, American Goldfinch, Mourning Dove, etc. 
. . . . .I saw a Hairy Woodpecker, but missed its stirring rattle as it came in for a landing.
. . . . .Once a White-tailed Deer ran across the road near me, caught sight of me and did the loud hiss they do when startled.  It ran a bit farther, and I was ready when it repeated the same sound.  That's a sound that really scared me when I heard it for the first time when I was out on a trail by myselt at night in a state park in Texas several years ago.  Then I didn't know what it was, but this time I was sort of expecting it and should have had my mic on for the first one when it was really close and seemed startled.
. . . . .It was hard to tear myself away from that wonderful place, but finally around 10:30 I figured I'd recorded most everything there and Jim had been patient long enough.  He understood that calm days are very few around here and was content to let me have my morning recording.
. . . . .We spent the rest of the morning doing some roadside birding.  We took SR 12 north, then east about six miles to a gravel road that went south to the east end of Fort Niobrara NWR.  Enroute it descended to the Niobrara River and crossed it on a one-lane bridge.  All along the several miles from SR 12 to the bridge, the habitat was ever-chainging in the same way that the road to Smith Falls, which I described a few days ago, was.  It is only about two or three miles west of that road and parallel to it.  There was a barbed wire fence next to the road for almost its entire length (not true of Smith Falls road, where the fence was only on the very first portion), and it was usually the right distance for photography. 
. . . . .I drove and Jim tried to photograph birds out the window.  He had success with only one species, but it was a nice one, a Dickcissel.  He doesn't have very many pictures of that.  He almost got a Grasshopper Sparrow, but his camera couldn't find the focus before it flew away.  I tried recording it to bring it back.  The recording was awful, for I did it at maximum recording volume out the truck window across Jim and Charlie, but it certainly stirred up the bird.  Unfortunately it only did the fly-bys and would never perch again on the bush it had before.  We braked for umpteen meadowlarks, but they always seemed to fly when we stopped.  Jim may have gotten one back view.  They invariably turn their backs to conceal their conspicuous yellow underparts.
. . . . .After we got across the river, the road ascended quickly to the open prairie.  Soon it entered the NWR where the fence was much higher to keep the elk penned in.  That meant that any bird atop it was silhouetted against the bright gray sky, not nice green shrubs and grasses.  So we proceeded a bit faster on that final segment.
. . . . .Just as we were almost back to the trailer, it started to rain and did so for a couple of hours.  The rest of the afternoon has been dark and gloomy, but not rainy.  It's supposed to rain again after midnight and much of the day tomorrow.  We have a 150-mile drive north to Pierre, SD, so I hope it doesn't rain too hard.  TV weather seems to indicate the rain is less heavy farther north.  We're glad it's just old-fashioned rain like we have at home, no pyrotechnics with descending icy golf-balls.

 No entry.

Wed., June 1, 2005
Farm Island SRA, Pierre, SC

. . . . .A rather uneventful two days have just passed.  Yesterday morning we got up to rain that had been falling steadily since around midnight.  By 8:30 it had let up to a barely perceptible drizzle, so Jim was able to hook up without getting very wet.
. . . . .We drove northward about 150 miles to Pierre (pronounced "peer"), SD,
It rained intermittently most of the way, but still it was beautiful to drove across the strongly undulating green prairie, surmounted by dark gray clouds.  The clouds had some definition, so it was a pretty dramatic scene.  In some places there were trees growing naturally in the coulees, especially on the north-facing slopes.
. . . . .We got a campsite at the above state recreation area.  The park is on the north bank of the Missouri River, which in most of South Dakota is a series of reservoirs.  I doubt there's a free-flowing portion of the river in the entire state.  Farm Island is an island in the river, but connected to the mainland by a short causeway.  The campground is on the mainland, however, and the island itself is a natural area with trails running through it.  It got its name because in the early days there was a fort here and they used the island to grow crops.
. . . . .They would only let us take a site for two nights, for all the sites are reservable two or more days in advance.  We said we'd come in the next day (today) if we wanted to stay Thursday night, but they said we couldn't do that because someone might have reserved it.  We didn't, and still don't, understand why that would be the case if people could only reserve two days in advance.  It seemed to us that today they ought to know if our site is reserved for tomorrow night.  But she said she just couldn't do it!  Anyway, we've decided to leave tomorrow, so the point is moot.
. . . . .After we got situated, I spent a good part of the afternoon driving to three different offices to get information on South Dakota--maps, bird guides, campground lists, etc.  At the Game, Fish, and Parks office I was able to obtain an atlas to the entire state showing wildlife areas that was much like the one I used in Nebraska.  This one doesn't name any of the areas, but the jurisdictions are color coded, and the print can be read without a magnifying glass. 
. . . . .I also went to the headquarters for Fort Pierre National Grasslands to see if they had a prairie-chicken blind.  Unfortunately they had taken it down for the season, thinking no one else would want to use it.  I also asked about a tour route in the area, but there is none.  Furthermore, they recommended against driving the roads, because even some of the ones marked gravel might be gumbo after the recent night of rain.  So much for that place.
. . . . .This morning I walked the trails on Farm Island, where there's a nice mix of marsh, woodland, and a bit of meadow.  Unfortunately the wind was blowing around 20 mph, so the birding was sort of poor.  I saw a fair number of species, but got no decent recordings.  All the birds were birds that probably breed in the area--no migrants.  There were a couple of biologists with mist nets set up near the entrance to the walk.  They told me that migration has been sort of late this year, which is why they were still doing it on June 1.  When I returned later in the morning, they said they hadn't caught anything of interest, possibly because of the wind, possibly because migration was over.  So their experience agreed with mine.
. . . . .The wind continued to get stronger and stronger as the day progressed, so we just stayed indoors after a trip to WalMart.  Temperature topped out at 79_, but was hotter in the trailer, which is in full sun.  This campground really doesn't have many shady sites.  Even though there are some trees, they're not very large or very close to the sites.  It's another one of those turf-and-trees campgrounds with almost no shrubs.. . . . .Of course, turf has to be mowed, which is what happened when I was trying to take a nap this afternoon.  I swear the guy mowed the 8-foot-wide swath right behind our trailer ten times!
. . . . .We ate dinner at the China Buffet in town--so-so.

8:45 pm., Thurs., June 2, 2005
Lake Mitchell RV Park (city), Mitchell, SD

. . . . .Ever since we had such success with orange halves attracting orioles at Lake Ogallala, Jim has been putting them out at other places.  No luck.
. . . . .Magic Meal is usually devoured by grackles, so sometimes he doesn't put it out at all.  They also like birdseed, but don't clean it up so fast.  At Farm Island SRA, the best customers for birdseed were the Thirteen-lined Ground Squirrels, which were abundant.
. . . . .At Farm Island SRA, he didn't put out Magic Meal until he saw a Red-headed Woodpecker over by the restrooms.  Then it was Magic Meal in every tree--over there and by our site.  The grackles ate it all in our site in short order, but didn't seem to find what was over by the john.  Then first thing this morning, he discovered a Red-headed Woodpecker eating it out of one of those trees.  Right after breakfast he took his camera and tripod and staked out the tree, but the woodpecker was too wary of him standing there, despite the fact that it tolerated the comings and goings of campers. I guess it didn't like to be stared at.  Anyway, after a while, Jim came back and lugged his blind over there.  This time he had success!  After all these years of trying to get decent photos of that bird, this one finally posed.  The reader will recall all the times he's tried and failed just on this trip.
. . . . .We didn't get away until around 10:00, so I decided we'd divide up what I had planned for an ambitious single day into two.  So we drove the 150 miles to Mitchell.  Jim wants to go to Cabela's and see if he can replace the hat he lost.  How he could lose a big felt hat is beyond me, but he did.  If it's still in the truck, I don't imagine it's in any shape (literally) to put on his head.  Also, I really want Jim to see the Corn Palace.  I saw it years ago with Mother, but the inside is only open Memorial Day to Labor Day and we were not here during that period.  Both Cabela's and the Corn Palace open at 8:00 am, so we'll visit them in the morning, then head north.
. . . . .This was another eastward drive. As the reader may have noticed, we're sort of zig-zagging back and forth across the prairies--diagonally northeastward from New Mexico through Oklahoma and Kansas to eastern Missouri, westward through southern Nebraska, then eastward through extreme northern Nebraska and southern South Dakota.  Our final westward "zag" will be through North Dakota, then we'll head south through the extreme western portions of the Dakotas, Nebraska, and maybe Colorado just south of there.
. . . . .As we drove eastward, we were first along the shores of one of the many "lakes" on the much-dammed Missouri River, then set out across the prairie.  The first half was exceedingly rolling and mostly cattle country.  Then the land began to flatten out and more wheat fields were seen.  Finally we're in an area where a variety of crops are grown.
. . . . .The day was mostly cloudy with a high in the mid-70s--and very humid.  Thunder showers were a possibility this afternoon and evening, but so far, we haven't had any, and it doesn't look likely that we will.  It's pretty muggy, so I don't imagine it'll get very cool tonight.
. . . . .The city-owned RV park where we're staying is OK, but the sites are very close together.  Fortunately it's almost empty.  Most of the sites have EWS and cable TV.  We selected the only one that backs up to a view of the lake (#15) and it happens to be one of the few sites without a sewer hookup, but the view seemed like fun, so we're doing without it.  Most places we've been haven't had sewer hookups anyway.  To have cable TV in a government-owned park is pretty unusual.  Our site is not particularly shady (most are), but since it was mostly cloudy, it didn't seem to matter, but it cleared off for two or three hours before sunset and the trailer was pretty warm.  It's pleasant now, though.  The place takes reservations, but will not reserve a particular site, which is probably another reason why we were lucky enough to get this view site.

Fri., June 3, 2005
Washington (city) Park, De Smet, SD

 No entry.

4:30 pm., Sat., June 4, 2005
Washington (city) Park, De Smet, SD

. . . . .So little of interest happened yesterday that I decided not to bother getting the computer out last night.
. . . . .First thing in the morning we went to Cabela's, the huge sporting goods store that only has a few retail outlets, one of which is in Mitchell.  Jim was thrilled to find just the hat style he was looking for.  They had exactly two of them, and both were his size, so he bought them both.  He also bought a belt.  He was very pleased with the quality of his purchases.
. . . . .Then we took a look at the Corn Palace, a really strange building for a small town in the middle of the prairies.  It's a civic auditorium, where conventions and sporting events, especially basketball games, take place.  Unlike other such places, which tend to be big rectangular boxes, this place has garish Moorish architecture with fancy turrets and spires.  All of the sides of the building are covered with corn and other grains.  Various colors of corn, all natural, are used to create a set of huge murals depicting local scenes and events of current and historic interest.  Each year a different theme is chosen, all the corn from the previous year is torn off, and a new set of pictures is stapled up.  Inside the building are similar-looking murals, but these never change.  They don't have to be redone every year, but when redone they are kept as they were for historical continuity.  The whole thing is really quite bizarre.  In the lobby of the building are photos of the way the exterior looked in every year.  Jim noticed that in earlier times they coated all the turrets with corn, but now they're just painted in elaborate patterns with shiny, bright colors.  Too expensive and dangerous to coat with corn, I guess.
. . . . .Jim had been having trouble with a part on our trailer hitch, making it difficult to hitch and unhitch because he had to handle a huge heavy piece of metal instead of two smaller ones.  The day before, he went in to the only trailer place in Mitchell, which is actually more of a sales lot than a repair shop, and tried to get a new hitch.  They said they'd have to order it and it wouldn't come in til the middle of next week.  So he resigned himself to coping with the old one.  Then when he went to hitch up to leave Mitchell, it finally came apart, so he decided to go back to the trailer place and try to get the parts to fix it, which he did.  This took a couple of hours.
. . . . .We ate some lunch, and were on the road around 1:00.  We only had a 70-mile drive, so got here to De Smet by mid-afternoon.
. . . . .I had planned for us to stay at Lake Thompson SRA about eight miles southeast of town, but when we got there we were told it was entirely booked up for a fishing derby.  So we went to my second choice, the city park RV Park.  There's also a private park, which we passed on the way to and from Lake Thompson.  It was about 2/3 full, and backed right up to the main highway, but it would have been OK, too.
. . . . .The city park was listed in a state-published South Dakota tourist guide, but there were no signs to it on the highway.  We found out where it was from the girl at the entry booth at Lake Thompson.  It consists of a few sites with electricity along a quiet road that runs through Washington Park, on the east side of De Smet.  On one side of the road is a lovely city park and on the other are the city's baseball and track fields.  Fortunately there were no games last night.  I guess school's out.  There was one other RV in the park last night and so far we have the place to ourselves.  [Another rig did come later, and a couple more drove by to look.  Although the place has eight electric boxes, they're so close together that only three or four of today's large rigs can fit into them, since they have to be parked end to end parallel to the road.]  Nice clean restrooms with hot showers are just across the road.  Price:  $9.00.  No water hook-up or dump station.  Don't know whether there's one anywhere in town.  But we're fine for a couple of nights.

. . . . .My reason for coming to De Smet was to revisit the Laura Ingalls Wilder sites in her Little Town on the Prairie, where most of her books were set.  It's where she spent her teen-age and newlywed years.  I had visited here with Mother many years ago, but for some reason we didn't get the pictures she took.  I can't remember why, but it was some simple reason like film not in camera or not engaged in sprokets, film lost, film ruined in developing, etc.  I resolved to visit the place again and get pictures of everything, including a few places Mother and I did not visit.  Jim was tolerant of it all--or most of it--but decidedly disinterested.  He spent part of the time in the trailer reading a book.
. . . . .The following paragraphs describe the various places, and those who would have spent the same hours in the trailer with Jim have my permission to skip them, but they're precious to me, for those books were an important part of my childhood.  Furthermore, my mother was born in a similar Little Town just one county north of here, and my grandparents, whom I remember well, were about Laura's age.  I know little about their lives in South Dakota, and the Wilder books have sort of served at surrogates.  So most of what I'll be writing is for me.  If anyone else is interested, fine.
. . . . .Ingalls homestead.  This is located on a rise about a mile southeast of town.  The site of the claim shanty is marked with a stone monument and the five cottonwoods that Pa planted are still there north and east of the house site.  These cottonwoods were one each for his wife and four daughters.  Laura loved the homestead much more than their place in Pa's store in town, where they spent the winters.  The openness of the outdoors was something she felt lost without.  As I stood on that knoll on a foggy morning, I could barely make out the town off in the distance across the Big Slough, where Pa harvested slough hay for them to burn during the Long Winter.  The town was actually farther away on those days, for it was much smaller than it is today.
 . . . .The homesite is on the extreme northwest corner of the 160-acre homestead.  Wrapping in an "L" around the acre where the trees and the homesite are, but still on the original 160 acres, is a commercial "Ingalls Homestead" venture, where living history displays are presented each summer.  I could see various small buildings that were constructed to depict homestead life.  I didn't have time to visit the place, but I think it is mainly for children.  From the literature I picked up on the place, I learned that they offer wagon rides and a chance to experience what it was like to go to school in a one-room schoolhouse, along with various farming and homemaking operations.  Sounds rather nice and looked tasteful from the outside.
. . . . .Just below the homestead to the north on the grassy slope are a few small buildings that are part of the stage settings for the outdoor "Laura Ingalls Wilder" pageant that the local folks put on each summer--three weekends in July. 
. . . . .The Big Slough. This prairie marsh is one of many glacier-created depressions left over from the last ice age.  I doubt it looks much different today than it did in the 1880s.  At one place where there was a tiny bit of open water, I listed an incredible number of duck species for this time of year:  Gadwall, Redhead, Mallard, Blue-winged Teal, Ruddy Duck.  There seemed to be a pair of each.  Yellow-headed and Red-winged Blackbirds were also present.  It was on the homestead next to the slough that an "auk"--a bird resembling the Great Auk in Pa's "big green book of animals" dropped out of the skies one day.  It probably wasn't a Great Auk, but any Alcid would have been most unusual.  I doubt their sighting is on the South Dakota of accepted bird records, though.
. . . . .Silver Lake.  This is connected to the Big Slough by a narrow bit of slough, across which US 14 passes on some filled-in land.  The lake itself was drained many years ago by cutting a ditch to Lake Thompson, but it still refills when there's been plenty of rain.  I was thrilled to discover that it had water in it.
. . . . .Surveyors' House.  This is where the Ingalls family spent their first winter in De Smet, almost alone on the prairie except for their dear friends and neighbors, the Boasts.  The railroad was still under construction, and this was where the surveyors lived.  They went east to their homes for the winter and were happy to have Pa and his family overwinter there.  (At that time he was the timekeeper, paymaster, and bookkeeper for the railroad construction company.)  The house was "By the Shores of Silver Lake" when they lived there, but was moved into town in 1884, because it was a very nice house for its day--definitely the nicest house Laura lived in during her entire childhood.  Today the original vertical "board and batten" exterior has been covered with horizontal clapboards, like so many houses. 
. . . . .Guided tours, which start from the house next door and are sponsored by a local non-profit organization, enter the house, which has a few Ingalls artifacts.  Most notable is the church organ, which Ma and Mary both played for church services in the local church.  There are also lots of early surveyor's tools.
. . . . .Brewster School.  A reproduction of what this probably looked like is behind the Surveyor's House.  Laura taught there starting when she was 15 years old in order to earn money to keep Mary in the college for the blind that she loved so.
. . . . .Ingalls Home.  After Pa sold his homestead and moved to town permanently, he built this house.  They lived there until Pa, Ma, and Mary were all dead.  The house was eventually sold, but some Ingalls belongings remained in one upstairs bedroom.  A few year later, in the 1920s, they were all thrown away because no one came to get them out of the house.  (Laura and her husband Almanzo lived in Missouri, and their daughter Rose lived all over the world.)  What a loss!  But, of course, who knew at the time how famous their daughter would make the family?  The books were published starting in the 1930s.  Some original things remain, however, especially a huge cabinet for dishes and other items that Pa made.  It looks remarkably like some of the cabinet work my Grandpa Gilbert did, but on a much larger scale.
. . . . .Although the house has some of the original furnishings and pictures, much of it has been redone.  In one back room there is a great deal of information about the town, Ingalls and Wilder families, other families mentioned in the books, etc.--lots of pictures, documents and small artifacts.  I spent a long time reading and looking at them.  This was permitted at the end of each tour, for each tour guide remained in the house until the next tour arrived. 
. . . . .I was particularly interested in the panel that addressed the accusation made by some that Laura's daughter Rose wrote the books, not Laura.  (Rose Wilder Lane was a famous author and journalist in her day, who wrote both novels and historical and libertarian nonfiction works, as well as many magazine stories and articles.)  Pros and cons of this were presented, but to me the most convincing arguments for Laura's authorship were (1) Laura had been writing articles for farm journals in Missouri for decades and certainly knew how to write even though she never went past 8th grade, (2) the yellow notebooks on which she wrote the books in pencil still exist, and (3) Laura's books have endured the test of time and Rose's have not.  No doubt Rose helped edit the books and certainly was instrumental in getting them published.  From what I've read about her, she simply didn't have the sweet personality that could have written those books.  She was a hard-charging career woman who was somewhat difficult to get along with.  One place I read that she was more like Almanzo's sister, Eliza Jane, than like her own mother.  (In one book Laura describes Eliza Jane's problems teaching the local school--problems that derived from her personality.) 
. . . . .Original town school.  This building has been moved from its original site and is now a private home.  It looks unlived in and is sort of run-down with peeling paint, etc.  It seems like a good project for the Memorial Association which owns the surveyors' house and the Ingalls home to purchase and restore the building.  Certainly that schoolhouse featured strongly in the books.  [Later I read that they do own it.  Maybe they have plans to restore it.]
. . . . .Loftus' Store.  This store was one of the first buildings built in the town and is still standing.  It was across the street from Pa's store and was the most successful store in town for decades.  Today it is a gift shop.  I went inside, and the owner was very friendly in explaining the history of the place.  Unfortunately I couldn't find anything I wanted to buy.  I'm afraid I have a great deal of resistance to "cute" and rarely find anything in gift shops.  In fact, I usually avoid them.
. . . . .According to the gift shop owner, Pa's store was torn down in the 1890s or early 1900s and replaced by the brick building that is there today.  It looks pretty old.  She said the town passed an ordinance that any new construction had to be brick for fire protection.  The Loftus store is one of the few remaining wooden structures.
. . . . .Along the two or three blocks of the main street is an eclectic mix of old and new.  In addition to the buildings mentioned above, there are some very modern-looking ones and some ugly older concrete ones.  It's a real hodgepodge. 
. . . . .Almanzo's claims.  This was where they lived when they were first married.  The farm claim was 1.5 miles north of town and the tree claim 1.5 miles farther.  A historical marker shows the site of the farm claim shanty, and a few scraggly cottonwoods are all that are left of the 40 acres of trees he was required to plant in order to file for the second claim.  I don't recall whether he ever proved up these claims.  Bad luck plagued the early years of their marraige:  grasshoppers ate crops several years, fire burned down house, first baby died, diphtheria, etc.  They left the state for warmer climes and after trying out various places, eventually settled in Mansfield, Missouri, where they were happy for the rest of their long lives.  (It was when I wanted to stop and snap some pictures of the scraggly cottonwoods that Jim thought I was going a bit overboard on the picture-taking, but to me they were significant.)
. . . . .Cemetery.  I saw the graves of Pa, Ma, Mary, Carrie, Grace (and her husband), plus those of a few others mentioned in the books.  Laura and Almanzo are the only family members not there.  They're in Missouri.

. . . . .The town was named De Smet in honor of an early Jesuit missionary to the Indians, who never visited the place.  Laura barely refers to the naming of the town in her books.  I think all that is said is that Pa told the family there was to be a town on the site and, when someone asked him what it was to be called, he told them, "De Smet."  I wonder if there wasn't some disapproval in the family of the choice of name, but that Laura didn't want to address in her books the prejudice against Catholics that was surely present in the town.  Today there is a statue of Father De Smet on one corner of Washington Park, where we are staying.  Diagonally across the corner from the statue is the Catholic Church.  It's possible they are responsible for the statue, but it is on city ground.
. . . . .The town of De Smet is small (ca. 1200 population), but seems prosperous.  Most of the homes are modest and many seem quite old.  (The Ingalls home fits in perfectly with its neighbors on its street.)  However, nearly all are well cared for, with fresh paint and neatly trimmed lawns and shrubs.  It is the county seat, so there are some government buildings and several schools to which children from all around are bussed.  A small hospital is right across the street from where we are camped--on one end of the Washington Park property.
. . . . .I took photos wherever it was permitted--not inside any of the buildings.  Unfortunately it was a gloomy morning, totally overcast.  High humidity made things a bit foggy, too.  High temperature was probably in the upper 60s, so it was pleasant to be outdoors.  In the afternoon it rained hard for a couple of hours, then cleared partially.  It's supposed to start to rain again after midnight.
. . . . .By the time I'd done all my sightseeing it was well after noon and starting to drizzle.  We decided to remain here tonight because Saturday night is a poor night to arrive at a state recreation area.  Besides, our drive tomorrow is fairly long and on the way I want to take another look at Garden City, where Mother was born--and this time snap a few pictures--can't do that in the rain.

5:45 pm., Sun., June 5, 2005
Richmond Lake, SRA, nr. Aberdeen, SD

. . . . .This morning dawned cloudy and misty, and while we were eating breakfast it started to rain in earnest.  Since we didn't have very far to go and didn't want to drive in the rain or get to our destination too early, I spent some time after breakfast modifying and adding a considerable amount of material to yesterday's segment.
. . . . .We left around 9:30, but hadn't been on the road very long when a steady, moderate rain started.  We hoped for the best and kept on our northward course to tiny Garden City (population 72), where my Mother was born.  The tiny town is off the through road, which is itself only a byway, by two miles, and looks like life passed it by.  From the highway we drove westward until we saw a lot of trees over on the left and figured it must be the town.  We saw a couple of gravel streets heading southward, so took the second one.  It passed a number of houses, many abandoned, boarded up, and decaying, but others lived in.  A few were rather new looking, but most were old.  The lived-in ones seemed well cared for.
. . . . .After about a half-mile we reached "downtown."  All the businesses seemed defunct except the grain elevator and possibly the tiny bank building.  One old concrete storefront read 1908, so would have been built while Mother was living there.  (She was born in 1905, and her family left when she was four or five years old.)  It was in the row of closed businesses.  We turned left at the corner, which incidentally had a tall flagpole with a flag flying right in the middle of the intersection.  Along the east-west street there was an overgrown city park with some children's playground equipment.  I think part of that area was where the school was.  When I visited the town years ago on a trip with Mother, we saw a huge, crumbling, redbrick building that must have had a separate classroom for all eight elementary grades.  They've obviously torn it down; it was definitely a hazard then and no doubt an attractive nuisance for local children.
. . . . .The town had one church, a rather new-looking Methodist one.  Elsewhere in town was a boarded up old church with no name.  It could have been the old Methodist church.  My grandparents and Mother were Methodists, (I was brought up in that religion, too) so that organization probably goes back many years.
. . . . .I took pictures of various buildings--old and new houses, churches, busineses, etc.  It was raining lightly the entire time, so Jim put his old hat to use shielding my camera lens from raindrops.  (This was the dingy old old hat, not the new old hat that he lost.)
. . . . .It's really sad to see towns die, but with modern transportation people really don't need so many towns.  We decided to take a look at the city of Clark, the county seat of Clark County.  Its population is about the same as De Smet's, around 1200.  It looked much like De Smet and was well kept and prosperous-looking.  We had been wondering if the Wilder tourists had been the reason De Smet was so nice looking, but apparently not.  We did agree that De Smet was a bit trimmer-looking than Clark, but not by much.
. . . . .After that we continued on to our present location, Richmond Lake SRA near Aberdeen.  The campground is in a wooded setting near a small reservoir on the James River.  When we saw the nice habitat, we thought there'd be lots of birds in the campground, but the place is eerily quiet--not even any robins running around on the lawn.  Wonder why.
. . . . .Shortly after we arrived we had a quick and noisy thunder storm, but it's partly sunny right now. Our reason for this stop is to visit Sand Lake NWR, which is about 25 miles away.  That we'll do tomorrow.
. . . . .Guess I'll take a walk and see if I can find any birds.  Jim couldn't when he took a walk a little while ago.

9:00 pm., Mon, June 6, 2005
Richmond Lake SRA, nr. Aberdeen, SD

. . . . .Just after we awoke this morning we had one clap of thunder and about 20 minutes of rain.  We wondered what was in store, since the forecast had been for a totally clear day.  Fortunately the forecast was right.  As we were driving to Sand Lake NWR, there were still a few clouds, but they were soon gone, leaving a cloudless sky.  The morning was pleasant, but in the afternoon after we were back at the trailer, it got rather warm and muggy.  I don't think the temperature in our nice shady campsite got above 84_, but the report this evening said Aberdeen got up to 88_.  Forecast for tonight is for thunderstorms after midnight into early morning, then again in the late afternoon.  Another cold front is approaching from the west and a warm front moving up from the south.  They're expected to clash with the usual results.
. . . . .Sand Lake is a huge lake, some of which is, I think, the result of small dams.  Around the edge are some rather large marshes, and wet and dry prairie.  Some stands of trees, occasionally sizeable, dot the area.  The trees were all planted in the 1930s, when this area became a NWR. 
. . . . .It's a 30Å-mile drive from Richmond Lake to Sand Lake and took about 45 minutes over some rather narrow secondary roads.  On the way I saw a few small shorebirds feeding in a roadside pond, but it was impossible to stop on that narrow, shoulder-less road.  I wonder if they were White-rumped Sandpipers.  That's one species I still haven't seen on this trip, and it's one of the later migrants.  I hoped I'd see more at the refuge, but there was absolutely no shorebird habitat there.  Wherever the water was shallow, there was marsh vegetation, not mudflat.
. . . . .I had almost no information about the lay of the land at the refuge, just that it was north of the town of Columbia.  We turned at the first junction after we entered the refuge, hoping to find the headquarters, but all we encountered was the back side of stop 12 on the tour route.  That gave us the hint that we had to proceed farther north on the highway, so we did.  The refuge headquarters had the usual refuge brochure, tour route map with text for the stops, and bird list.  They also had some very nicely mounted specimens of some of the birds on the refuge, mainly waterfowl and hawks.  Some of them said, "Please touch."  It was fun to stroke the silky feathers of a mounted Greater White-fronted Goose, as well as the furs of several small mammals.
. . . . .The tour route is a 15-mile loop around the southern portion of the lake, crossing on a dike road.  Probably the most impressive thing about the birdlife was the numbers of Ring-necked Pheasants.  I think I saw more pheasants today than I have in total previously.  They were everywhere, sometimes in pairs, sometimes in threesomes that didn't get along very well.  We saw them in the barren fields where crops are planted for birds to eat, in the grassy prairie, and exploding from the roadsides.  Sometimes in their concentration on one another, they paid no attention to us, and Jim got photos of several males.  No females, unfortunately;  they're warier.  Territorial conflicts brought extended versions of the hard call, not just the familiar doublet that has always reminded me of a power lawn edger rubbing against the curb.
. . . . .We spent a lot of time poking along trying to get pheasants to pose, so by the time we got to a stand of nice prairie, it was around 10:00 and there was too much breeze to do any good recording.  I did hear a lot of Sedge Wrens and a few Clay-colored Sparrows.  Bobolinks were fairly common, and I never tire of hearing their rapid liquid flight song.  I discovered Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow was on their list as a breeder.  I hadn't boned up on its song, but read the description in the National Geographic (NG) guide and listened for something that sounded like that description, but didn't hear it.  Just a few minutes ago I listened to an actual recording of the song and decided the NG description had been very good and that I had imagined correctly what to listen for.  I definitely didn't hear it.
. . . . .Yellow-headed Blackbirds were very common, and Jim couldn't resist photographing a couple of males that demanded to be models.
. . . . .We didn't get off the drive until around 12:30, and drove the last few miles much faster than we had earlier.  Near stop 12 there is a narrow portion of the lake where Western Grebes were paired up.  Unfortunately there was no parking allowed on the bridge on the side of the road where we could see the grebes.  Otherwise Jim might have sat in the truck for a while hoping for a dance display.  (We had discovered this spot when we made the wrong turn first thing in the morning.)
. . . . .The tour route doesn't seem to be a one-way road, for occasionally we met refuge vehicles on it.  There are a number of places where one can enter and exit the tour route onto county roads.  If we were to go back there, I think we'd only do a portion of the route and concentrate on the prairies first thing in the morning.
. . . . .As we drove through Columbia this morning, we discovered that the city park on the south edge of town, just north of the James River bridge on the east side of the road, has three nice RV sites with electrical hookups.  How I wished we had known of them.  I looked in all the South Dakota-published literature and saw no mention of them.  We checked them out more fully on our way back to the trailer.  The sites are level back-ins onto grass from a gravel road.  The electric boxes have 20, 30, and 50-amp connections.  There is a restroom building with toilets and showers.  It looked very clean, although old.  I saw only one water faucet--out in the middle of a lawn, so any RV arriving should have plenty of water on board.  No dump station.  Price:  $10, pay at address in town given on sign.  The park had lots of nice bird habitat.  If we ever go back to Sand Lake, we'll definitely stay there. 
. . . . .We debated going back tomorrow and doing it right, but many of the birds we seek can also be sought elsewhere, and our time is getting limited, so we decided to move northward tomorrow.
 This afternoon I sat outside at Richmond Lake and found a few more birds, including the robin I missed yesterday.  Still I only had a bird list of about a dozen species.  (I had 50 at Sand Lake this morning.)  One that was sort of fun was a Downy Woodpecker that flew up to the base of a tree about ten feet from where I was sitting and proceeded to forage in all the little knotholes in it.  Then it flew to a couple of others only a little farther away before finally flying off into the woods.  When I told Jim about him, he immediately loaded all the knotholes with Magic Meal.  We'll see if anything develops.  We don't have to rush off in the morning, for we're only driving about 100 miles.  Of course, it's supposed to be raining then.  Oh, well!

 No entry.

9:30 pm., Wed., June 8, 2005
Jamestown Reservoir Recreation Area, Jamestown, ND

. . . . .The woodpecker did not come for the Magic Meal.
. . . . .It thundered and rained most of the night, but most of the activity was in southern North Dakota.  Still, there was the threat of some large hail in our area.  We were glad it never developed.
. . . . .Before leaving Richmond Lake, we drove to the other side of the lake and took their "Forest Drive."  I think the forest is about a quarter-section (160 acres).  It's planted, of course, and cross-country ski trails wind their way through it.  There's also a 1.1-mile road around in it, which we took very slowly, stopping frequently to look and listen for birds.  It was about as quiet as the campground.  However, Jim did get some photos of a juvenile (yearling) Red-tailed Hawk (eastern), which were nice and close.
. . . . .Afterwards we hooked up and drive north 100 miles to Jamestown, ND.  The day started out clear, but was totally overcast by the time we got here.  On the radio last evening we learned that Aberdeen had been 86_ and Jamestown 68_.  What a difference. 
. . . . .Enroute we were detoured off the main highway onto a fairly long series of narrow dirt roads.  They were pretty slithery, because they happened to go through the area that had had torrential thunderstorms the night before.  We were astounded that they'd detour main highway traffic onto such a road.  (The map showed a somewhat longer possible detour that would have been all paved.)  We don't know the reason for the detour, but it could even have been due to flooding, for it seemed to go around a place where the road crossed a river or creek.  We crossed the same creek elsewhere.
. . . . .By the time we ate lunch, visited the visitors center, and shopped for groceries, it was nearly 3:00 when we got to this campground.  It's pretty quiet, too, but it doesn't have the varied habitat of Richmond Lake.  It's in a grove of trees, and the sites are shady.  Hookups are water and electric--one box between every two sites.  Since the sites are far apart, we had to use our extension cord to reach the box.  Each box has one plug-in each for 20-, 30-, and 50-amps.  We took the 30, which is always the most popular.  I don't know what people do when the place is full and two RVs want the 30, but we won't be here to find out.  (It is totally reserved for this weekend, we learned when we registered, but we don't want to stay that long anyway.)
 . . . . After being kept awake by the wild weather the night before, we took late afternoon naps.  Then I perused all the literature I had obtained at the visitors center, including a nice brochure on birding drives out of Jamestown and Carrington.  The lady in the visitors center tried to find out from the state Game and Fish Dept. if there was an atlas of wildlife areas like the ones I had used in Nebraska and South Dakota.  She called the local office, and whoever she talked to had never heard of one.
. . . . The clouds developed into thunderstorms and hard rain (2.33 inches reported in Jamestown), which lasted for hours.  There was a tornado warning south of us--in the same area that had the heavy rain the previous night, and through which we drove the muddy detour.  On the TV tonight, we learned that several people lost their homes in flooding in one small town in the area.
. . . . .The thunder ceased around 2:00 am, but the rain lingered until around 9:00 am.  I called Arrowwood NWR to be sure the tour road was open.  The receptionist said no one had told her it wasn't, but she didn't really know.  So we decided to go there anyway.  It turned out to be open and fine, with just a lot of firm-bottomed puddles and a good gravel surface.
. . . . .As we drove to the refuge, the overcast gave way to gorgeous puffy clouds, but of course it was wind that blew the clouds away.  It was between 20 and 30 mph all day--poor for birding.  Recording was impossible, and even hearing the birds was hard, but I did succeed in hearing quite a few.  The best birds were a huge flock of White-rumped Sandpipers.  They were pretty far away and back-lit, but they were with some sort of peep for size comparison, had long primary projections, the right length bill, patterning across the breast, and seemed to have rusty upper scapulars.  So I was pretty sure of my ID.  I was also aware that this bird is sort of a late migrant.  I was gratified to learn that a recent shorebird survey had reported about 95% White-rumps, and a fair number of Semipalmateds.  (I hadn't been been able to ID them to species from that distance.)  I also saw a few Wilson's Phalaropes and one or two American Avocets.
. . . . .We drove the 5-mile tour route.  The prairie birds were much the same as at Sand Lake, and I identified a lot of them by sound only.  No sign of my two targets, Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow and Sprague's Pipit, but they aren't too likely on that tour route, according to the literature I had.
. . . . .The refuge itself is a truly beautiful place, tucked in the windin  valley of the James River.  The river itself has been impounded into a series of lakes for waterfowl habitat enhancement.  We took quite a few pictures of the valley, the waterways, and the mosaic of tree-filled coulees, prairie grasses and shrubs, and marshlands--all greatly enhanced by the brilliant blue sky and dramatic clouds.  No pictures of wildlife were possible, though.
. . . . .Before driving the tour route, we stopped in at the headquarters building and got some wonderful literature.  One was a fantastic new book, Birding North Dakota, and the other was the atlas I had tried to get yesterday!  The latter is entitled [Conservation] PLOTS Guide in this state.  Both are published by the ND Dept. of Game and Fish, but whoever the visitors center had talked to didn't know they existed. (PLOTS = Public Lands Open to Sportsmen)
. . . . .We met another birding couple, who had just finished birding in Kidder County near the town of Steele.  They told us thay had a nice bird-finding brochure on that area that they had ordered by mail last winter.  Arrowwood NWR didn't have it, and the receptionist called Long Lake NWR, which would be covered in the brochure, and whoever answered the phone had never heard of it and could find none in their rack.  A couple of areas in that county are in the Birding North Dakota book, though, so we may go over there if we can't find our target birds around Carrington.
. . . . .We didn't get back to the trailer until 2:00 because of our late start this morning.  After a quick lunch, long naps were again in order to make up for the lost sleep due to last night's thunder storms.  We're supposed to have only a "20% chance of scattered showers" the next few days, then a repeat of the severe weather again on Saturday and Monday.  It's really making birding difficult! 
. . . . .We just had a short shower a few minutes ago, but no thunder, thank goodness.  It's 10:20 now.  Maybe I'll get to bed at a decent hour tonight. 

. . . . .Again a breezy morning.  Started out clear and in the 50s.  Warmed to the high 60s this afternoon.  Had some afternoon rain, but no thunder.. . . . .
. . . . .Clearing now.
. . . . .This morning we returned to Arrowwood NWR, but this time did the southern portion of the refuge, following the map recommended in the brochure on birding tours out of Jamestown and Carrington that I picked up at the visitors center.  (It was also available at the refuge.)  It was a challenge to stay on the route--lots of zigs and zags in order to stick to graded gravel roads and not get off on dirt two-tracks.  I watched the odometer very carefully and wrote the reading on my map every time I made a turn, for the country was very uniform-looking:  lots of lakes, ponds, flooded fields, marshes, with agricultural fields of various types in between.  Some patches looked like prairie.
. . . . .As we approached one rather small pothole, I caught sight of some medium-sized shorebirds flying around.  They had white rumps and tail bases except for dark central tail feathers.  They were Wilson's Phalaropes.  When we stopped they flew all around the truck, chewing us out.  Jim finally decided they might hang around if he got out, so he did so and took a bunch of flight shots.  He's not sure he got very many, or any, good ones because they were moving around so erratically, but he certainly tried.  I recorded them, trying shield myself somewhat from the wind by standing in the lee of the truck.
. . . . .The tour route spent some time in the refuge and crossed the James River twice.  At both crossings it was suggested that Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrows might be found.  Despite the wind, I walked the low-lying marshy areas and amplified the marsh sounds with my tape recorder, straining to hear the song of the bird.  All I got was Red-winged and Yellow-headed Blackbirds and Common Yellowthroats, with a smattering of other birds, never anything resembling the sound I wanted.  The bird would not be a life bird for me, because I've seen silent (possibly calling, can't recall) wintering ones at Upper Newport Bay.  Jim has never photographed one, though.
. . . . .At the end of yesterday's drive, I had 32 species in the refuge and surrounding roads.  By the end of today's drive, my list was up to 55 species, including 12 species of waterfowl:  Canada Goose, Wood Duck, Gadwall, Blue-winged Teal, Redhead, Ruddy Duck, Northern Shoveler, Canvasback, Lesser Scaup, Mallard.  All are probably breeders.  Hooded Merganser might have been seen had I walked some distance along a particular trail, but I didn't have time for it.
. . . . .Mammals included White-tailed Deer, White-tailed Jackrabbit, and a white-tail-tipped ground squirrel, probably Richardson's based on range.  I didn't see the latter very well, but we've seen a lot of small, plain ground squirrels running across the road the last several days.
 We got back to the trailer around noon, ate a quick lunch, took naps, then drove 60 miles west to Steele in Kidder County.  I had been debating whether to come here or go to Carrington.  In an e-mail Terry Hill quoted from a brochure saying that there are good places to photograph birds from vehicles at Long Lake NWR, and that they were going to be here tonight.  So we decided to come here before going to Carrington.  She also mentioned availability of brochures with tour routes outlined.  The lack of those had been the reason for going to Carrington.
. . . . .Anyway here we are in the most decrepit RV park imaginable.  The North Dakota Tourist Guide said they had sewer hookups, but the office told Jim that only sites 1-4 had them.  We couldn't find any numbers on most of the sites and partial numbers on others, but could find only one sewer hookup and it was on a site with a 5 on it.  It also looked like it hadn't been